Condition · Metabolism and Mitochondria

Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance

Background biology

Insulin resistance involves reduced tissue responsiveness to insulin, altered glucose and lipid handling and complex organ-to-organ signalling.

Evidence-ranked peptides

Peptide	Use	Evidence
Xenin An endogenous gastrointestinal peptide involved in motility, gastric emptying and incretin-linked metabolic signalling.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance moderate	Human3/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 2 verified refs
Adropin An endogenous peptide associated with substrate use, endothelial function and cardiometabolic health. Most therapeutic claims remain preclinical.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance weak	Human2/5 Animal2/5 Safety0/5 2 verified refs
MOTS-c MOTS-c is an investigational peptide, analogue or research construct with evidence ranging from mechanistic studies to limited human trials.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance insufficient	Human2/5 Animal2/5 Safety0/5 3 verified refs
Angiotensin-(1-7) An endogenous renin-angiotensin-system peptide with vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic actions in experimental models. Therapeutic administration remains investigational.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance insufficient	Human2/5 Animal0/5 Safety2/5 1 verified ref
Apelin A family of endogenous peptides that activate the apelin receptor and regulate cardiovascular function, fluid balance and metabolism.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance weak	Human2/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 2 verified refs
Amylin Analogue A class of amylin-receptor agonists that slow gastric emptying, suppress post-meal glucagon and increase satiety. Evidence and regulatory status vary substantially by molecule.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance strong	Human2/5 Animal0/5 Safety2/5 2 verified refs
Survodutide Survodutide is an investigational peptide, analogue or research construct with evidence ranging from mechanistic studies to limited human trials.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance moderate	Human2/5 Animal0/5 Safety2/5 1 verified ref
Pemvidutide Pemvidutide is an investigational peptide, analogue or research construct with evidence ranging from mechanistic studies to limited human trials.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance moderate	Human2/5 Animal0/5 Safety2/5 1 verified ref
Apelin-13 A potent endogenous apelin-receptor agonist studied for acute cardiovascular and renal effects.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance insufficient	Human2/5 Animal0/5 Safety2/5 2 verified refs
Tirzepatide Tirzepatide is a regulated peptide medicine with established evidence in defined indications.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance strong	Human2/5 Animal0/5 Safety2/5 1 verified ref
ANP Analogue A class of engineered natriuretic peptides designed to activate guanylyl cyclase-A and promote vasodilation, natriuresis and blood-pressure reduction.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance insufficient	Human2/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 1 verified ref
Liraglutide Liraglutide is a clinically used peptide medicine or hormone with established evidence in defined indications.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance moderate	Human2/5 Animal0/5 Safety2/5 1 verified ref
Semaglutide Semaglutide is a regulated peptide medicine with established evidence in defined indications.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance strong	Human2/5 Animal0/5 Safety2/5 1 verified ref
Retatrutide Retatrutide is an investigational peptide, analogue or research construct with evidence ranging from mechanistic studies to limited human trials.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance moderate	Human2/5 Animal0/5 Safety2/5 1 verified ref
Adrenomedullin An endogenous 52-amino-acid peptide hormone involved in vascular tone, endothelial integrity, lymphatic biology and inflammatory responses.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance insufficient	Human2/5 Animal0/5 Safety2/5 2 verified refs
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide An endogenous cardiac peptide that promotes natriuresis, vasodilation and suppression of the renin-aldosterone system.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance insufficient	Human1/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 1 verified ref
Exendin 4 Exendin 4 has substantial clinical or physiological evidence, although approval, formulation and indication must be assessed specifically.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance moderate	Human0/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 0 verified refs
C-Peptide C-Peptide is an endogenous peptide with established physiological or receptor-level biology; therapeutic administration and indications are molecule-specific.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance moderate	Human0/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 0 verified refs
Irisin Mimetic Irisin Mimetic is an investigational peptide, analogue or research construct with evidence ranging from mechanistic studies to limited human trials.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance insufficient	Human0/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 0 verified refs
Intermedin Intermedin is an endogenous signalling peptide with physiological relevance; therapeutic administration remains molecule- and indication-specific.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance insufficient	Human0/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 0 verified refs
MOTS-c Analogue MOTS-c Analogue is an investigational peptide, analogue or research construct with evidence ranging from mechanistic studies to limited human trials.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance insufficient	Human0/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 0 verified refs
Mazdutide Mazdutide is an investigational peptide, analogue or research construct with evidence ranging from mechanistic studies to limited human trials.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance weak	Human0/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 0 verified refs
GIP Analogue GIP Analogue is an investigational peptide, analogue or research construct with evidence ranging from mechanistic studies to limited human trials.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance insufficient	Human0/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 0 verified refs
Fgf21 Analogue Fgf21 Analogue is an investigational peptide, analogue or research construct with evidence ranging from mechanistic studies to limited human trials.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance insufficient	Human0/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 0 verified refs
Oxyntomodulin Oxyntomodulin is an endogenous signalling peptide with physiological relevance; therapeutic administration remains molecule- and indication-specific.	Metabolic Health / Insulin Resistance weak	Human0/5 Animal0/5 Safety0/5 0 verified refs

Current standard management

conventional medicine

Management depends on diagnosis and may include physical activity, nutrition, weight management and licensed medicines.

Medical disclaimer —Standard-of-care information is educational only. Do not change or start treatment based on Atlas content. Always consult a qualified clinician for personal medical decisions.

Linked mechanisms

biological pathways discussed for this condition

Mitochondrial-derived peptide signallinglimited
Mitochondrial functionlimited
Nitric oxide / blood flowlimited
Amylin receptor signallingstrong
Apelin receptor signallinglimited
GLP-1 receptor signallinglimited
Lipolysis and fat oxidationlimited
Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor signallinglimited
Vascular permeability and fluid-balance modulationlimited
Dual glucagon and GLP-1 receptor signallinglimited
Triple GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor signallinglimited
Xenin and neurotensin receptor signallingmoderate

Research gaps

what we don't know yet

·Human therapeutic MOTS-c trials
·Dose-response and long-term safety
·Variation related to mitochondrial genetics

Community observations

No approved community reports for this condition yet. Submit one.

Clinician discussion

Questions you can ask a qualified clinician

What are the established evidence-based options for this condition?
What monitoring is appropriate before considering any experimental intervention?
What long-term safety data exists for peptide-based approaches?
Are there licensed medicines relevant to my situation?

↳

Explore further

from the knowledge graph

Peptides that touch this

Mechanisms in play

Advertise here — support independent evidence →